PHILOSOPHY

-Science of theory of knowledge. -A formulated ideas base from science/ it undergoes scientific method. PHILO- LOVE SOPHIA- WISDOM



Views About Philosophy :

Aristotle-Philosophy is a thinking w/c aims at maximum connected at the truth about all available experience.

Brittle-Is a science of being in their ultimate reasons, causes and principles acquired by the aid of numerous reasons alone.

Smith and Tiler- It is the personal attitudes towards life and universe. -A method of reflective thinking and reasons in inquiry. -Attempt to gain a view of the whole. -Is a logical analysis of knowledge and clarification of the meaning of words and concept .
- Is a group of problems as well as theories and of this problem. The ultimate goal of the philosophy




APPROACH

Science- object of study part by part.

Philosophy- attempt to do it as a whole


SCOPE

Science- Tends to eliminate the personal factor and ignore values in its drive objectively.

Philosophy- interested in personality, values and all realm of human experience.


NATURE

Science- aim to absorb nature and to control process.

Philosophy – criticize, evaluate and integrate various ways of life.

FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOHY :

1. To carefully examines and criticize the premises and conclusion of all sciences such as biology, physics, sociology, anatomy, (chemistry) and to compare the assumptions and conclusions of different sciences when the results appear to be contradictory.

2. To synthesize finding . (combine)

3. To harmonize and bring these and other sciences together to complement and/or support one another.


TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PHILOSOPHY

Theoretical Philosophy

-Directs itself to knowing things as they are without thinking of application. Its ultimate aim is knowledge of truth.


a) Metaphysics d.) Theodicy

b) Ontology e.) Psychology

c) Cosmology f.) Epistemology


Practical Philosophy

-Directs the concern to things which are material or perceptible and useful. Each goal is not just finding the truth but acting on it.

a) Semantic

b) Logic

c) Ethics

d) Axiology

e) Aesthetics



A. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY:

a) Construct theories about man and the universe.

b) To examine very carefully everything that maybe offered for a belief and its own theories.


B. ANALYSIS

From the Greek word “analusis” which means to breakdown, is the process of breaking down topic or substance to gain or better understanding.

C. THREE MAIN WAYS OF FORMING ANALYSIS

a) Explication- which was so called by critique who work largely I the construction of symbolic language. Explicatum part by part.

b) Redefiniton - it is associated with more replacing term or statement which has the same meaning with the same sort of language but which more carefully formulated and more clearly understand.

c) Illustration- which takes the opposite point of view holding who practiced by Wittgenstein by just keeping close to multiplying use of one term to another.


KNOWLEDGE

-Is defined expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education.

Acquisition involves complex cognitive processes.
Confident understanding of a subject with ability to use for a specific purpose.


THE FOUR MATTER OF FACTS

1. That something that ecist.

2. That something that can be known

3. That there is something which matter

4. That something includes the forgoing statements.


Four Branches Of Philosophy:

1. Ontology or the theory of being.

2. Epistemology or the theory of knowledge.

3. Axiology or the theory of value.

4. Logic or the theory of inferences.


PERCEPTION Is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. Means “receiving, collecting, action of taking possession. Apprehension with the mind or sense

Bracketing, This means forgetting the time being, all that one has learned, in order to take an unprejudiced look at work is presented.

Mis-judgement

“what one perceives is a result of interplays between past experiences, including one’s culture and the interpretation of the perceived.”

Thoughts, act of thinking; that which one thinks; opinions and reflections

Concept, are really habits of expectations; serves as a representation of an objects; It is idea or mental image

Percepts, views; reflections; impressions

Titchener, used to report what come into his head when he was using certain ideas. (Image Theory)

Hume, used by introspecting to discover what the self looks like, “bondless of perception”

Language Is an abstract system of word meaning and symbols of all aspects of culture. It includes speech, written character, numerals symbols, gesture and expression of non-verbal communication.

Object, the things in which the signs stands for.

Interpreter, the person who does the sign in which the sign stands for.

Sign, it represent what object is.


Term in percept as “sense meaning,” according to C.I. Lewis in simple way is study of its use and effect of the circumstances in which people employ it or react more or less consistently.
All terms have perceptual meaning, But there are some terms that do not have meaning that fall into two classes.

Grammatical term

Abstract term

All language begin on ordinary language under the process of immediate necessity of communication but not in all cases like

-customary usage as how it spread

-grammatical term

-declension case spread fall down


Ordinary Language Analysis, Is the argument that any language which is adequate stands as the transmitter of nuances or differences and shades of meaning on which everyday conversation must be fluid.

Classification

-Distinction, Identification and organization of two or more items, information and facts according to their similarities which are determined through comparison.

-Gives a closer view on the link between the object being compared.

Definition of Classification According to Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz; It is the differentiation of two or more objects and that these two objects are not “ever exactly alike.” In fact, no two things are “ever exactly alike,” that if ever there were two objects which were so alike, they would be same object. There is always an “Essential Dissimilarity” even in a pair of apparently identical objects.

Plato’s Theory of Universals

-Universalia in Re (Universal in the things), everything is a combination of form and form

-Universalia ante rem (Universal before the things),the link between members of a class in that they are all imitati ore the thingson of an archetype which existed before the world was made.

-Universalia post rem (Universal after the things), nothing general exist particular things.

Four Different Types of Similarity

-Genetic Similarity, having similar origins

-Structural Similarity, having the same constituent past

-Functional Similarity, having similar behavior.

-Apparent Similarity, having similar external features.

Maybe the statement of the essential properties of certain thing or the statement of the equivalent bet. One expression or another, usually more complex expression that gives meaning of firsts.
Definiendum, a thing being define.
Definience, the expression which defines.

-Lexical definition, a dictionary definition reports the meaning of the word as if normally used.

-Extensional definition, general term is just the collection of individual things to which is correctly applied.

-Intentional definition, of a general term, on the other hand is the set of features which are shared by everything to which it applies.

-Contextual Definition, some words cannot be clearly defined on their own , but it is impossible to offer schema for defining every sentence which they occur.

-Stipulative Definition, is the specification of a meaning, adapted or assume specifically for the purposes of argument or discussion in a given context.

-Ostensive Definition, gives the meaning of a term by pointing out the thing donated by,it, or pointing out by example of the kind of thing meant by it.

-Operational Definition,of a quality is a specific process where by it is measured.

AXIOM AND THEOREM

Axiom,is a proposition that is not prove or demonstrated but considered self-evident or subject to necessary definition.

Theorem,is a statement which has been proven or has been established its validity.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The early Greeks developed like LOGICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD where by conclusion (new knowledge) follow from premises (old knowledge).

Euclid stablished common nations (very basic self-evident assertion)

Axiomatic System,any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derived theorem.

Characteristics of Axiomatic System

-Independent, if it is not a theorem that can be derived from other axioms in the system.

-Complete, if for every system, either, itself or its negation is derivable,

-Consistent, if its lacks of contradiction.

ASTRONOMY

It is the study of celestial bodies or objects such as; stars, planets, comets and galaxies and its phenomena.

Greek word “ASTRON”-Stars “NOMOS”- Laws

Two major categories during the 20th century

Observational Astronomy- Focused on acquiring data from observation which then analyzed by the aids of basic principles of physics.

Theoretical Astronomy- Oriented towards the development computer or analytical models to described astronomical objects and phenomena


Some Contribution of Early Civilization

Babylonian- beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy. They discovered the lunar eclipse recorded in repeating cycle known as a “saros”.

Greek (3rd B.C)

Aristarchus- calculated the mass of the earth and measures the distance and the size of the moon and stars. He also the 1st to proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system.

Hipparchus-invented the 1st and the earliest known astronomical/ device such as the “astrolabe”

= “Antikythera Mechanism (150-80 BC) wasn early analog computer designed to calculate the location of sun, moon , and earth.

Persians

Azophi- discover the Andromeda alaxy and described in his “ Book of Fixed Stars”


Egyptians

ALI IBN RIDWAN – first discovered the SN Supernova 1006, the brightest apparent magnitude stellar event recorded the history.


SOLAR SYSTEM INDIVIDUALS

1. Inner Planets- consists of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.

2. Asteroids Pelts- composed of asteroids

3. Outer Planets- consists of giant gas planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.


STELLAR ASTRONOMY - Study of stars and its formation

EXTRA GALLACTIC ASTRONOMY- Study of objects outside the galaxy

GALMETRIC ASTRONOMY- study of galaxies.


ORGANIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES

1. Elliptical Galaxy- cross-sectional

2. Spiral Galaxy- flat-rotating disc

3. Irregular Galaxy- chaotic appearance


SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION

A. Greek Civilization – emerged around 1100 B.C. Early Greeks have been fully-developed basic elements of Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Geography and Medicine.

B. Persons who give contribution on the development of Science

1. Thales- matter was composed of convertible into water

2. Hippocrates- Father of Medicine

3. Aristotle- Classification of Plants and Animals

4. Pythagoras- Pythagorian Theorem

5. Archimedes- Principles of Lever and Pulley

6. Ptolemy- Geocentric Theory

C. Roman civilization- time of Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C) It is said that Romans were poor in Science but contributed a lot in the fields of infrastructure.

D. Romans that gives contributions in the field of Science

1. Pliny the Elder- only roman scientist that is celebrated. (scientific worker)

2. Galen- wrote 150 books on medicin. (physician)

3. Cleopatra- roman queen who uses cosmetics